Election Night · Explainer · Updated Oct. 28
Florida, Ohio and Texas usually report most of their vote on election night. Alaska won’t run its ranked-choice count until November 18, and Maine is telling voters to expect its Senate result the week after the election. Here is when each key state can realistically finish, and why.
Senate control could be clear by Wednesday morning, but only if it’s settled in the fast-counting states. As of Oct. 28, Cook Political Report rates seven Senate races as Toss-Ups: Alaska, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Ohio and Texas. Four of them (Iowa, Michigan, Ohio and Texas) normally finish within about a day. If the majority comes down to Alaska, it may not be known until the ranked-choice count on Nov. 18. If it comes down to Maine and no one reaches 50%, it would come the week after the election. The House almost always takes longer, because many competitive seats are in California and other states that count for days or weeks.
These are the dates that set the pace. The dates come from state election offices and the sources listed at the bottom; all times are local unless noted.
“Expect” describes what has usually happened in recent elections, not a forecast. A very close race can take longer anywhere.
| State | Mail ballots must arrive by | Early ballot processing | Expect |
|---|---|---|---|
| AlaskaSenate, governor, House | Postmarked by Nov. 3; arrive by Nov. 13 (Nov. 18 from overseas) | Review boards started Oct. 28. Election-night totals are first choices only. | Nov. 18 ranked-choice count |
| ArizonaGovernor, AZ-01, AZ-06 | 7 p.m. Nov. 3 (no grace period) | Can count once envelopes are verified. A new 2026 option lets Election Day drop-off voters show ID so their ballots count that night. | Days Maricopa aims for about 99% by Nov. 6 |
| CaliforniaHouse battlegrounds | Postmarked by Nov. 3; arrive by Nov. 10 | Counties can start processing when ballots are mailed. No results before 8 p.m. | Weeks for close House seats |
| FloridaSenate, governor | 7 p.m. Nov. 3 | Yes. Counted early and mail votes must post within 30 minutes of polls closing. | Election night |
| GeorgiaSenate, governor | Close of polls Nov. 3 | Yes. Counties must report early and absentee results by 8 p.m. | Election night runoff Dec. 1 only if no majority |
| IowaSenate, governor | 8 p.m. CT Nov. 3 | Counting starts on Election Day, or the day before if the county auditor chooses | Election night unless very close |
| KansasSenate | Postmarked by Nov. 3; arrive within 3 days (Nov. 6) under a court order | Ballots are processed as they arrive | Night to Nov. 6+ if close |
| MaineSenate and ME-02 (ranked choice), governor (plurality) | 8 p.m. Nov. 3 | Ranked-choice count happens in Augusta only if no one tops 50% | Week after if a ranked-choice count is needed |
| MichiganSenate, governor | 8 p.m. Nov. 3 | Yes. Places with more than 5,000 residents can count up to 8 days early. | Overnight to Wed. |
| MinnesotaSenate | 8 p.m. Nov. 3 | Yes, up to 19 days early. Most counties report absentees first. | Election night |
| MississippiSenate | Postmarked by Nov. 3; arrive by Nov. 10 | Processing starts 7 a.m. Election Day; counting starts 7 p.m. | Night to Nov. 10 if close |
| NevadaGovernor | Postmarked by Nov. 3; arrive by 5 p.m. Nov. 7 | Yes. Washoe County began Oct. 9. | Days |
| New HampshireSenate | 5 p.m. Nov. 3 | Starts at 1 p.m. on Election Day | Election night |
| North CarolinaSenate | 7:30 p.m. Nov. 3 | Yes. Counted weekly starting five Tuesdays before the election. | Election night |
| OhioSenate, governor | 7:30 p.m. Nov. 3 (the 4-day grace period ended in 2025) | Yes, from the day after registration closes | Election night |
| Oregon / WashingtonHouse seats | Oregon: arrive by Nov. 10. Washington: postmarked by Nov. 3; arrive before counties certify (Nov. 24). | Ballots are processed as they arrive | Days |
| PennsylvaniaPA-07, PA-08, PA-10 | 8 p.m. Nov. 3 | No. Not before 7 a.m. on Election Day. | Overnight to Wed. |
| TexasSenate | Postmarked by 7 p.m. Nov. 3; arrive by 5 p.m. Nov. 4 | Counties of 100,000+ can start 4 days early | Election night |
| WisconsinGovernor | 8 p.m. Nov. 3 | No. Not before 7 a.m. on Election Day. | Late night Milwaukee reports absentees in one batch |
Ballots from military and overseas voters follow separate federal rules and can arrive later than the dates above. Washington ballots count as long as they’re postmarked by Election Day and arrive before the county certifies.
When they can start. Most states let officials verify and scan mail ballots before Election Day, so those votes are ready to report when polls close. Pennsylvania and Wisconsin don’t allow that until 7 a.m. on Election Day, so workers spend the day opening envelopes while also running the polls. In Wisconsin, Milwaukee counts all its absentee ballots in one central location and uploads them together late at night, which can swing the statewide numbers at once. That jump is how the system works, not a sign of a problem.
Late-arriving ballots. The Supreme Court ruled 5–4 on June 29 in Watson v. RNC that federal law doesn’t set a deadline for ballots to arrive. That leaves it to each state. California, Nevada, Mississippi, Kansas, Alaska, Oregon, Washington and Texas all count ballots postmarked by Election Day that arrive afterward, each with its own window. In a close race, nobody can responsibly call it until those ballots are in. Every state’s deadline is here.
Signature fixes. Many states give voters a few days to fix a missing or mismatched signature. Nevada’s deadline is Nov. 9 and California’s is Nov. 25. Those ballots aren’t final until the window closes. How ballot curing works.
Ranked-choice counts. Alaska and Maine can’t run their later rounds until all the ballots are in. Election-night numbers in both states show first choices only.
Alaska uses ranked-choice voting for Senate, governor and its House seat. The first results are expected around 8:45 to 9 p.m. Alaska time on Nov. 3. Every update through Nov. 18 shows first choices only. Absentee ballots mailed in the U.S. have until Nov. 13 to arrive, and overseas ballots until Nov. 18. The ranked-choice count runs Nov. 18, and the state is aiming to certify on Nov. 25.
That matters in a close Senate race between Mary Peltola and Sen. Dan Sullivan, because the second Dan Sullivan on the ballot, Dan J. Sullivan, could pick up votes that get redistributed in later rounds. In 2024, the Alaska House race between Nick Begich and Peltola wasn’t called until the ranked-choice count on Nov. 20, 15 days after Election Day.
There’s also a lawsuit. On Oct. 22, the Justice Department asked a federal court to block certification if Sen. Sullivan loses but would have won with Dan J. Sullivan’s votes. The state and the Peltola campaign have asked Judge Sharon Gleason to dismiss it, and as of Oct. 28 she had not ruled. The full story is here.
Six write-in candidates declared for Senate, so Maine’s race between Sen. Susan Collins and Troy Jackson is on a ranked-choice ballot. The 2nd District race is too. If someone wins more than 50% of first choices, the race is over on election night. If not, ballots and memory devices from every town go to a central site in Augusta, and the count proceeds in rounds, removing the last-place candidate each time until one candidate has a majority.
Secretary of State Shenna Bellows has told voters to be ready for results to come “the week following the election.” In 2024, the 2nd District’s ranked-choice count started Nov. 12 and Jared Golden was declared the winner Nov. 15. The governor’s race doesn’t use ranked choice in November. Under Maine’s constitution, the most votes wins.
Georgia requires a majority in statewide races. If no one gets more than 50% in the Senate race between Sen. Jon Ossoff and Mike Collins, or in the governor’s race, there’s a runoff on Dec. 1, with early voting from Nov. 23. A runoff is unlikely this year because Libertarians didn’t qualify for the ballot, but write-in votes could still force one in a very close race. How Georgia’s runoff works.
Under Louisiana’s new map, Nov. 3 is an open primary for its U.S. House seats. A candidate who tops 50% wins outright. Otherwise, the top two meet in a runoff on Dec. 12. Mississippi’s Senate race needs only a plurality, and its secretary of state has confirmed that.
Control was called on Saturday, Nov. 12, when Catherine Cortez Masto won Nevada.
The AP projected the majority on Nov. 16 after calling California’s 27th District.
The majority was clear overnight from fast-counting states, including Nebraska.
Control was called on Nov. 13. The last House race, California’s 13th, wasn’t called until Dec. 3.
Other 2024 races in slow-count states took days to call. The AP called Nevada’s Senate race four days after the election, and Arizona’s about six days after. Fast-count states finished overnight: the AP called the Texas Senate race at 11:39 p.m. ET and Ohio’s at 11:28 p.m. on election night.
No state certifies a winner on election night. The race calls you see come from news decision desks, such as the Associated Press. The AP calls a race only when it decides the trailing candidate has no remaining path to catch up. It doesn’t name “likely” winners, and it may not call a race at all if the top two are within half a percentage point. Official results come later, when counties and states certify. Alaska targets Nov. 25, Arizona’s statewide canvass is Nov. 23, and California certifies by Dec. 11. What happens between election night and certification.
A very close margin can also set off a recount. Pennsylvania and Arizona recount statewide races automatically at 0.5% or less, Ohio at 0.25%, and Michigan at 0.1%. Recount rules by state.
On election night, our live results board refreshes every minute. Every call names the decision desk that made it, and races still being counted are marked as uncalled.
Only if the majority is settled in states that count quickly. Four of Cook’s seven Toss-Ups, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio and Texas, usually finish within about a day. If control depends on Alaska, the ranked-choice count isn’t until Nov. 18. If it depends on Maine and no one wins a majority of first choices, Maine’s secretary of state says to expect results the week after the election.
Probably not on election night. In both 2022 and 2024, the AP called House control 8 days after the election, because many close seats were in California, Arizona and other states that count for days. California counts mail ballots that arrive through Nov. 10, and its counties certify by Dec. 3.
Alaska counts absentee ballots mailed in the U.S. that arrive by Nov. 13 and overseas ballots through Nov. 18. Its ranked-choice count can’t run until every ballot is in, so the state runs it on Nov. 18. Every result before then shows first choices only.
Yes. Six write-in candidates declared, so Maine’s Senate race and the 2nd District race are on ranked-choice ballots. A ranked-choice count happens only if no candidate wins more than 50% of first choices. The governor’s race is decided by plurality.
Neither state lets election workers process mail ballots before 7 a.m. on Election Day. Those ballots are counted throughout the night, and Milwaukee uploads its absentee ballots in one batch late in the evening, so the totals can move sharply. That’s how the system is designed.
In some states, yes. In Watson v. RNC on June 29, the Supreme Court left the deadline to each state. California, Nevada, Mississippi, Kansas, Alaska, Oregon, Washington and Texas count ballots postmarked by Election Day that arrive within their own windows. Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin require ballots to arrive by Election Day.
No. A projection is a news organization’s judgment that the trailing candidate can’t catch up. Results become official only when election officials certify them, which usually takes weeks.